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Question 191

Multiple Choice

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Road construction prevents you from getting to the shopping mall using the route that you usually travel. You think about the situation for a moment and then come up with a different route to take. To figure out this alternative route, you use what Tolman referred to as:

A) biological preparedness.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) a cognitive map.
D) instinctive drift.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Question 192

Multiple Choice

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In an ever-changing environment, which of the following is critical to an organism's adaptation and survival?

A) self-awareness
B) a fixed-interval schedule
C) genetic regulation
D) the capacity to learn

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Question 193

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Which psychologists strongly insisted that psychology should only study observable behaviors, not mental processes or consciousness?

Discuss how the principles of observational learning have been applied to promote social change and healthy behaviors.

Fred's dog is classically conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell. Fred repeatedly pairs the bell with another stimulus, a whistle. Now whenever he blows the whistle, his dog salivates, even though the whistle has never been paired with food. This example illustrates:

In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, what will occur?

An operant can be defined as:

Psychologists formally define learning as a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior as a result of experience.

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner made no effort to eliminate the fear they conditioned in the infant called Little Albert.

Miss Cantrell began using stickers to reward her first-graders who stayed in their seats and completed their arithmetic worksheets on time. Using operant conditioning terms, Miss Cantrell is using a _____ to reward desired behavior.

Which of the following was NOT identified as a factor that contributes to the effectiveness of entertainment-education programs?

What was the unconditioned response (UCR) in Watson and Rayner's famous "Little Albert" study?

Two young psychology graduate students named _____ identified the phenomenon called learned helplessness.

In his experiments with dogs, Pavlov found that after a classically conditioned response had been extinguished, the dog returned to its original unconditioned state and was unable to relearn the response.

In a classic experiment, Albert Bandura used shaping and negative reinforcement to condition children to hit and kick a Bobo doll.

Habitual coffee drinkers often experience an almost immediate sense of alertness when they sip a fresh cup of coffee, even though it takes about 20 minutes for the caffeine in the coffee to reach significant levels in the bloodstream. What is the best explanation for this phenomenon?

After carrying a step stool to the kitchen, five-year-old Laura is able to reach the Scotch tape dispenser on the kitchen counter. What is the operant in this example?

Describe the basic process of classical conditioning, using an original example. Be sure to identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR.

Over the past four decades more than 1,000 studies have investigated the relationship between media depictions of violence and increases in aggressive behavior in the real world.

In one study, orangutans imitated the behavior of both humans and other orangutans, but they were more likely to imitate high-status or dominant models than low-status models. The orangutans were also more likely to imitate models with whom they had close relationships, such as biological parents, siblings, or their human caregivers. They virtually never imitated human strangers. This study illustrates that _____ factors seem to play a role in observational learning in primates, just as they do with humans.