Question 1

You know there are only two librarians who live in your town of 10,000 people. However, when you meet a quiet young woman who likes to read, you decide she is probably a librarian. In your thinking you are relying on

Accepted Answer

A)   an algorithm.
B)   the representativeness heuristic.
C)   the Stroop effect.
D)   a cognitive map.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 2

Someone sees a strange-looking flying object. It might be a white pelican, or it might be a UFO from outer space. The viewer decides that it is a UFO. Assuming that it really was a pelican, which mistake of reasoning has the viewer made?

Accepted Answer

A)   failure to use the availability heuristic
B)   failure to use the representativeness heuristic
C)   failure to consider base-rate information
D)   failure to use a cognitive mapE) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 3

Edgar suffers a stroke on the left side of his brain and as a result has a condition characterized by inarticulate speech and difficulties using and understanding grammatical devices. This condition is known as __________aphasia.

Accepted Answer

A)   Wernicke's
B)   Chomsky's
C)   Pinker's
D)   Broca'sE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 4

The common mistakes children make as they try to learn language indicate that the children

Accepted Answer

A)   are trying to memorize the sentences they hear, word for word.
B)   cannot distinguish many important sounds from one another.
C)   are learning grammatical rules and over-applying them.
D)   can say more words than they understand.E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 5

Under which circumstances is it better to use heuristics to solve a problem than to rely on an algorithm?

Accepted Answer

A)   when there are too many possible hypotheses to test them all
B)   when it is necessary to get an answer that is precisely accurate
C)   when it is possible to calculate the correct answer quickly and simply
D)   when the question has to do with physics or chemistryE) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 6

Your eyes make saccadic movements when you __________, and you __________ process most of the visual input during the saccade.

Accepted Answer

A)   follow a moving object...do
B)   follow a moving object...do not
C)   scan a stationary object...do
D)   scan a stationary object...do notE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 7

Which of the following would you be most likely to find by a "preattentive" process?

Accepted Answer

A)   one red object among a group of gray and white ones
B)   one E among a group of Fs
C)   one F among a group of Es
D)   one four-leaf clover among a group of three-leaf cloversE) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 8

The availability heuristic is based on the assumption that

Accepted Answer

A)   if we ask a question in the proper manner, we will get the correct answer.
B)   if we are not sure whether we are looking at something from category A or category B, it is probably from the more common category.
C)   if we have found much evidence for a hypothesis and no evidence against it, then the hypothesis is probably correct.
D)   if we can easily remember a few examples of some event, then it must be a common event.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 9

A typical 1 1/2-year-old child has a vocabulary of about 50 words. Which of the following is such a child least likely to do?

Accepted Answer

A)   show some indication of understanding the meaning of words
B)   link several words together to form a sentence
C)   repeat a word that someone else has just said
D)   say a word that no one else has said to the child in the last minuteE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 10

Which of the following sentences has the same deep structure as the sentence "John is easy to please"?

Accepted Answer

A)   John is not easy to please.
B)   John is greasy with fleas.
C)   It is easy to please John.
D)   I need to go to the john, please.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 11

The sentence "Never threaten someone with a chain saw" can mean at least two very different things. This sentence has one __________ and at least two __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   deep structure...surface structures
B)   surface structure...deep structures
C)   transformational grammar...structural grammars
D)   structural grammar...transformational grammarsE) A) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 12

Language is easily learned by humans because the human brain

Accepted Answer

A)   is far bigger and more complex than any other brain.
B)   can learn a series of simple words easier than the complex sounds of whales or dolphins.
C)   has areas that are specialized for language.
D)   processes sound energy at an earlier age than it processes visual energy.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 13

The gradual development of expertise in a given field requires an increase in

Accepted Answer

A)   working memory.
B)   short-term memory capacity.
C)   fluid intelligence.
D)   crystallized intelligence.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 14

How many fixations per second does a typical reader have when reading an average page of text?

Accepted Answer

A)   1
B)   4
C)   20
D)   100E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 15

People who rely on the representativeness heuristic tend to overlook which kind of information?

Accepted Answer

A)   creativity information
B)   reaction-time information
C)   script information
D)   base-rate informationE) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 16

The concept of prototypes suggests that:

Accepted Answer

A)   all members of a category are at the same level in a mental space.
B)   people from different cultures use the same ways of categorizing objects.
C)   every category has a sharp dividing line that separates members of the category from nonmembers.
D)   people decide whether an item is a member of a category by comparing it to familiar or typical examples.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 17

What is meant by the word-superiority effect?

Accepted Answer

A)   It is easier for most people to learn to read if they start by the whole-word method.
B)   It is easier to remember what one has seen if one can describe it in a single word.
C)   Once a child has learned to speak a few words, the child develops other intellectual skills at an increased rate.
D)   It is easier to identify a letter when it is part of a word than when it is presented by itself.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 18

The Stroop effect occurs because

Accepted Answer

A)   it is very difficult to see the colors of ink.
B)   people are so used to reading words that they cannot suppress the habit.
C)   people do not take the frequency of things in the population into account.
D)   people's thoughts are related to their categories.E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 19

The quick jump your eyes make from one focus point to another is called a

Accepted Answer

A)   saltatory skip.
B)   caracole.
C)   gambado.
D)   saccade.E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 20

During reading, the eyes alternate between fixations and saccades. Reading--in the sense of understanding the words--occurs during

Accepted Answer

A)   both fixations and saccades.
B)   fixations only.
C)   saccades only.
D)   neither fixations nor saccades.E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Exam 8: Cognition and Language

During reading, the eyes alternate between fixations and saccades. Reading--in the sense of understanding the words--occurs during

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A typical 1 1/2-year-old child has a vocabulary of about 50 words. Which of the following is such a child least likely to do?

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Which of the following would you be most likely to find by a "preattentive" process?

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People who rely on the representativeness heuristic tend to overlook which kind of information?

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Someone sees a strange-looking flying object. It might be a white pelican, or it might be a UFO from outer space. The viewer decides that it is a UFO. Assuming that it really was a pelican, which mistake of reasoning has the viewer made?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Your eyes make saccadic movements when you __________, and you __________ process most of the visual input during the saccade.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The Stroop effect occurs because

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The concept of prototypes suggests that:

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Under which circumstances is it better to use heuristics to solve a problem than to rely on an algorithm?

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You know there are only two librarians who live in your town of 10,000 people. However, when you meet a quiet young woman who likes to read, you decide she is probably a librarian. In your thinking you are relying on

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Language is easily learned by humans because the human brain

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The quick jump your eyes make from one focus point to another is called a

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How many fixations per second does a typical reader have when reading an average page of text?

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Edgar suffers a stroke on the left side of his brain and as a result has a condition characterized by inarticulate speech and difficulties using and understanding grammatical devices. This condition is known as __________aphasia.

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Which of the following sentences has the same deep structure as the sentence "John is easy to please"?

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What is meant by the word-superiority effect?

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The availability heuristic is based on the assumption that

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The common mistakes children make as they try to learn language indicate that the children

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The sentence "Never threaten someone with a chain saw" can mean at least two very different things. This sentence has one __________ and at least two __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The gradual development of expertise in a given field requires an increase in

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Your eyes make saccadic movements when you , and you process most of the visual input during the saccade.

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The sentence "Never threaten someone with a chain saw" can mean at least two very different things. This sentence has one and at least two .

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