Question 1

An average adult reads about how many letters during a fixation?​

Accepted Answer

A)  0
B)  ​1
C)  ​11
D)  ​20 to 30E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 2

Why do many psychologists doubt that ADHD is a single disorder?​

Accepted Answer

A)  People with ADHD show deficits in a wide variety of tasks.
B)  ​The symptoms vary considerably in their intensity from one case to another.
C)  ​The causes and the brain abnormalities vary from one case to another.
D)  ​Overall brain activity tends to be higher than average for people with ADHD.E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 3

The difference between Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia demonstrates which of the following?​

Accepted Answer

A)  Short-term memory is different from long-term memory.
B)  ​Attentional processes are different from preattentional processes.
C)  ​Visual learners are different from verbal learners.
D)  ​Language production is different from language understanding.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 4

What is a morpheme?​

Accepted Answer

A)  A unit of meaning
B)  ​A unit of sound
C)  ​A unit of spelling
D)  ​A unit of grammarE) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 5

What is meant by "spreading activation"?​

Accepted Answer

A)  Thinking about any concept primes you to think of related concepts.
B)  ​When one person in a group becomes enthusiastic, the others do too.
C)  ​Sometimes after you exercise one set of muscles, another set starts to ache.
D)  ​People who travel widely tend to develop more friendships.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 6

After you start to dislike someone, almost everything the person says or does seems like further evidence of bad character.Which tendency are you demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

A)  Confirmation bias
B)  Framing effect
C)  ​Maximizing strategy
D)  ​Base-rate informationE) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 7

Because you can easily remember times when it rained at the beach,you assume that rainy days are common at the beach.What tendency is responsible for this judgment?​

Accepted Answer

A)  Representativeness heuristic
B)  ​Availability heuristic
C)  ​Maximizing strategy
D)  ​Satisficing strategyE) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 8

​An ADHD diagnosis is more common for children who are young for their grade.What conclusion does that observation suggest?

Accepted Answer

A)  Some people are treating immaturity as if it were a medical problem.
B)  ​ADHD is becoming less common from one year to the next.
C)  ​The treatments for ADHD are more effective today than they were in the past.
D)  ​Poor nutrition during pregnancy increases the probability that the child develops ADHD.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 9

​If the name of a color is written in a different color,you find it easier to read the word than to name the color of ink.What is the name of this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stroop effect
B)  ​Attentional blink
C)  ​Availability heuristic
D)  ​Confirmation biasE) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 10

Because you remember times when something bad happened on Friday the 13th,you conclude that Friday the 13th is dangerous.This tendency illustrates which of the following?​

Accepted Answer

A)  The attentional blink
B)  ​The availability heuristic
C)  ​The framing effect
D)  ​Change blindnessE) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 11

How does Broca's aphasia differ from Wernicke's aphasia?​

Accepted Answer

A)  Broca's aphasia impairs comprehension. Wernicke's mainly impairs speech production.
B)  ​Broca's aphasia mainly impairs speech production. Wernicke's impairs comprehension.
C)  ​Broca's aphasia mainly impairs memory. Wernicke's impairs complex reasoning.
D)  ​Broca's aphasia impairs complex reasoning. Wernicke's mainly impairs memory.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 12

In what way have psychologists revised their view about practice in the development of expertise?​

Accepted Answer

A)  They now believe that practice is just as effective at any age as it is in childhood.
B)  ​They now insist that expertise requires 15,000 hours of practice, not 10,000.
C)  ​They now recognize that some people develop expertise much faster than others.
D)  ​They now believe that experts are born, not made.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 13

What is the role of practice in development of expertise?​

Accepted Answer

A)  Anyone who practices for 10,000 hours can expect to become an expert.
B)  People are born with or without expertise, and practice plays only a small part.
C)  ​Practice is necessary, but people vary much in how fast they reach expertise.
D)  ​Expertise depends on overall education rather than practice in a particular field.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 14

​During one eye fixation,a typical adult reading English can read the central letter plus about how many other letters?

Accepted Answer

A)  5 to the left and 5 to the right
B)  ​3 to the left and 7 to the right
C)  ​7 to the left and 3 to the right
D)  ​11 to the left and 11 to the rightE) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 15

What do we call a strategy for simplifying a problem and finding a good enough answer?​

Accepted Answer

A)  A heuristic
B)  ​An algorithm
C)  ​A preattentive process
D)  ​An attentive processE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 16

​What is a common advantage when people use a maximizing strategy?

Accepted Answer

A)  A better than average decision, according to objective criteria
B)  ​A tendency to be content with the decision, both immediately and later
C)  ​A cheaper than average decision
D)  ​A quicker than average decisionE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 17

Which of these would you probably find by an "attentive" process?​

Accepted Answer

A)  A large bear that is charging directly at you
B)  ​A well-camouflaged animal in the forest
C)  ​A wolf that howls loudly
D)  ​A single white pigeon in a group of gray pigeonsE) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 18

Why did psychologists who reared chimpanzees as if they were children fail to teach them to talk?​

Accepted Answer

A)  The psychologists failed to use operant conditioning.
B)  ​Chimpanzees are unable to make human sounds.
C)  ​Chimpanzees are not intelligent enough to learn to communicate.
D)  ​The psychologists punished chimpanzees for their mistakes.E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 19

The research on change blindness leads to which general conclusion?​

Accepted Answer

A)  You mainly attend to the gist of a scene and a few details at a time.
B)  ​You divide your attention equally over all the elements that compose a scene.
C)  ​You automatically notice anything that changes.
D)  ​You alternate spontaneously between top-down and bottom-up processes.E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 20

What evidence suggests that young children are learning rules of grammar?​

Accepted Answer

A)  Young children frown when an adult makes a grammatical error.
B)  ​The brain areas responsible for grammar mature rapidly in young children.
C)  ​Young children learn language more easily than older people do.
D)  ​Young children's mistakes imply that they are using certain rules.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Exam 8: Cognition and Language

What is meant by "spreading activation"?​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What evidence suggests that young children are learning rules of grammar?​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

After you start to dislike someone, almost everything the person says or does seems like further evidence of bad character.Which tendency are you demonstrating?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The difference between Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia demonstrates which of the following?​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

​If the name of a color is written in a different color,you find it easier to read the word than to name the color of ink.What is the name of this phenomenon?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of these would you probably find by an "attentive" process?​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The research on change blindness leads to which general conclusion?​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why do many psychologists doubt that ADHD is a single disorder?​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

​What is a common advantage when people use a maximizing strategy?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the role of practice in development of expertise?​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Because you can easily remember times when it rained at the beach,you assume that rainy days are common at the beach.What tendency is responsible for this judgment?​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why did psychologists who reared chimpanzees as if they were children fail to teach them to talk?​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

​During one eye fixation,a typical adult reading English can read the central letter plus about how many other letters?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An average adult reads about how many letters during a fixation?​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How does Broca's aphasia differ from Wernicke's aphasia?​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What do we call a strategy for simplifying a problem and finding a good enough answer?​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is a morpheme?​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Because you remember times when something bad happened on Friday the 13th,you conclude that Friday the 13th is dangerous.This tendency illustrates which of the following?​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In what way have psychologists revised their view about practice in the development of expertise?​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

​An ADHD diagnosis is more common for children who are young for their grade.What conclusion does that observation suggest?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is meant by "spreading activation"?

Correct Answer
verified

What evidence suggests that young children are learning rules of grammar?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

The difference between Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia demonstrates which of the following?

Correct Answer
verified

If the name of a color is written in a different color,you find it easier to read the word than to name the color of ink.What is the name of this phenomenon?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of these would you probably find by an "attentive" process?

Correct Answer
verified

The research on change blindness leads to which general conclusion?

Correct Answer
verified

Why do many psychologists doubt that ADHD is a single disorder?

Correct Answer
verified

What is a common advantage when people use a maximizing strategy?

Correct Answer
verified

What is the role of practice in development of expertise?

Correct Answer
verified

Because you can easily remember times when it rained at the beach,you assume that rainy days are common at the beach.What tendency is responsible for this judgment?

Correct Answer
verified

Why did psychologists who reared chimpanzees as if they were children fail to teach them to talk?

Correct Answer
verified

During one eye fixation,a typical adult reading English can read the central letter plus about how many other letters?

Correct Answer
verified

An average adult reads about how many letters during a fixation?

Correct Answer
verified

How does Broca's aphasia differ from Wernicke's aphasia?

Correct Answer
verified

What do we call a strategy for simplifying a problem and finding a good enough answer?

Correct Answer
verified

What is a morpheme?

Correct Answer
verified

Because you remember times when something bad happened on Friday the 13th,you conclude that Friday the 13th is dangerous.This tendency illustrates which of the following?

Correct Answer
verified

In what way have psychologists revised their view about practice in the development of expertise?

Correct Answer
verified

An ADHD diagnosis is more common for children who are young for their grade.What conclusion does that observation suggest?

Correct Answer
verified