Question 1

Studies indicate that participants

Accepted Answer

A)   always neglect base-rate information.
B)   overutilize base-rate information even if other compelling information is presented.
C)   make sensible use of base-rate information if no other information is available.
D)   tend to integrate base-rate information with diagnostic information.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 2

Training in statistics

Accepted Answer

A)   can help us make use of quick, efficient heuristics rather than slower, more effortful thinking.
B)   improves participants' abilities to make judgments so that judgment errors will be less likely.
C)   improves participants' abilities to make judgments but only when they are trained in an abstract way.
D)   provides many benefits but seems not to teach students how to make more accurate judgments.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 3

Evidence from the four-card task suggests all of the following EXCEPT that

Accepted Answer

A)   generally people are poor at solving this task.
B)   changing the problem into something with a more real-world validity improves performance on this task.
C)   as with inductive reasoning, performance on deductive tasks varies based on the form of the problem.
D)   problem solving about conditional statements is difficult to improve.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 4

Heuristics are strategies that

Accepted Answer

A)   sometimes risk error in order to gain efficiency.
B)   are underused, despite their advantages.
C)   protect us from overestimating the frequency of real-life events.
D)   ensure step-by-step procedures for finding correct conclusions.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

In using the representativeness heuristic, participants

Accepted Answer

A)   extrapolate from a sample of evidence if the category is homogeneous but not if the category is heterogeneous.
B)   are sensitive to the sample size and draw conclusions more readily from a large sample.
C)   seem to assume that all instances of the category resemble the prototype for that category.
D)   are unable to discriminate actual patterns of covariation.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 6

According to the work of Tversky and Kahneman (1987) , people are ________ when dealing with potential losses, but are ________ when dealing with potential gains.

Accepted Answer

A)   risk seeking; risk averse
B)   risk averse; risk seeking
C)   risk seeking; risk seeking
D)   worried; excitedE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 7

"I can easily think of the names of several dishonest politicians, so I'm certain there are a lot of dishonest politicians!" This is an example of a judgment relying on

Accepted Answer

A)   illusory covariation.
B)   representativeness.
C)   anchoring.
D)   the availability heuristic.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 8

In one study, participants were shown a film about a family on welfare and then asked for their opinions about welfare. Prior to viewing the film, half of the participants were told that the film showed a highly unusual case. The other participants were told that the film showed a quite typical case. After viewing the film, participants were asked their opinions about welfare. On the basis of other evidence, we would expect to find that

Accepted Answer

A)   both groups of participants were influenced equally by the film.
B)   neither group of participants was influenced by the film.
C)   participants who were told that the case was unusual were less influenced by the film than those who viewed the typical case.
D)   participants who were told that the case was unusual were not influenced by the film.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 9

The four-card task provides an example of how

Accepted Answer

A)   good we are at reasoning about syllogisms.
B)   good we are at reasoning about conditional statements.
C)   poor we are at reasoning about conditional statements.
D)   poorly we perform on inductive tasks.E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 10

In one experiment, participants were asked to list either 6 or 12 instances in their lives when they were assertive. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the participants who were asked to list only 6 instances?

Accepted Answer

A)   Overall, they rated themselves as less assertive.
B)   They had an easier time fulfilling the task.
C)   They were given an easier task than the 12-instance participants.
D)   They relied on the availability heuristic when making their decision.E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 11

Background knowledge can lead to mistakes, but it can also provide a benefit if

Accepted Answer

A)   the person is aware of heuristics.
B)   the knowledge is about how the parts of the problem are related.
C)   the person is very confident in his or her knowledge.
D)   it contains descriptive information.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 12

Participants are told, "Hospital A has an average of 45 births per day; Hospital B has an average of only 15 births per day." The participants are then asked, "Which hospital is more likely to have a day in which at least 60% of the babies born are female?" In answering the question, participants

Accepted Answer

A)   seem insensitive to the fact that departures from the average case are more likely with a small sample.
B)   seem insensitive to the fact that departures from the average case are more likely with a larger sample.
C)   correctly realize that departures from the average case are not dependent on hospital size.
D)   answer in a fashion governed by the law of small numbers.E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 13

Marissa believes that clowns are evil. She meets two men who are very nice and then learns that they are clowns. Despite this, she does not adjust her belief and continues to think clowns are evil. This is called

Accepted Answer

A)   confirmation bias.
B)   deductive reasoning.
C)   inductive reasoning.
D)   belief perseverance.E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 14

Which of the statements below would complete the following syllogism in a way to make it valid?: All busy people are stressed out. All professors are busy.

Accepted Answer

A)   Therefore, all professors are stressed out.
B)   Therefore, all busy people are professors.
C)   Therefore, all stressed-out people are professors.
D)   Therefore, you should not become a professor.E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 15

Describe one situation in which your friend, Marcus, might show evidence of monetary risk aversion and another example in which he would show monetary risk seeking.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe one situation in which your friend,...

Question 16

People often make logical errors. Create a real-world example that illustrates the error in this categorical syllogism: All X are Y. All A are X. Therefore, all A are X.

Accepted Answer

Real-world example of the error in this ...

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT an example of a frequency judgment?

Accepted Answer

A)   "You've only worn that shirt once since I gave it to you!"
B)   "I am certain that he is bluffing."
C)   "There certainly are a lot of pizzerias in this neighborhood."
D)   "The number of truly caring physicians is getting smaller and smaller."E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 18

Patrick has sustained damage to his orbitofrontal cortex, but his twin brother, Ben, has not. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true about these two brothers?

Accepted Answer

A)   Patrick will take more risks than Ben.
B)   Ben will take more risks than Patrick.
C)   Both will take risks equally.
D)   Ben will take fewer risks, but they will be more extreme than Patrick's risks.E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

Question 19

When thinking about the likelihood of events, humans are better able to make judgments based on information presented as ________ than as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   percentages; fractions
B)   abstract ideas; concrete examples
C)   frequencies; probabilities
D)   probabilities; frequenciesE) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 20

An inductive judgment is one in which a person

Accepted Answer

A)   tries to make predictions about upcoming events on the basis of evidence already available.
B)   tries to make a cause-and-effect judgment about an observed state of affairs.
C)   begins with a general statement and asks what other specific claims follow from this.
D)   begins with specific facts or observations and seeks to draw a general conclusion from them.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Exam 12: Judgment and Reasoning

The four-card task provides an example of how

Correct Answer
verified

An inductive judgment is one in which a person

Correct Answer
verified

Background knowledge can lead to mistakes, but it can also provide a benefit if

Correct Answer
verified

Training in statistics

Correct Answer
verified

In using the representativeness heuristic, participants

Correct Answer
verified

When thinking about the likelihood of events, humans are better able to make judgments based on information presented as than as .

Correct Answer
verified

Describe one situation in which your friend, Marcus, might show evidence of monetary risk aversion and another example in which he would show monetary risk seeking.

Correct Answer
verified

Participants are told, "Hospital A has an average of 45 births per day; Hospital B has an average of only 15 births per day." The participants are then asked, "Which hospital is more likely to have a day in which at least 60% of the babies born are female?" In answering the question, participants

Correct Answer
verified

Marissa believes that clowns are evil. She meets two men who are very nice and then learns that they are clowns. Despite this, she does not adjust her belief and continues to think clowns are evil. This is called

Correct Answer
verified

Patrick has sustained damage to his orbitofrontal cortex, but his twin brother, Ben, has not. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true about these two brothers?

Correct Answer
verified

In one experiment, participants were asked to list either 6 or 12 instances in their lives when they were assertive. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the participants who were asked to list only 6 instances?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is NOT an example of a frequency judgment?

Correct Answer
verified

Studies indicate that participants

Correct Answer
verified

According to the work of Tversky and Kahneman (1987) , people are when dealing with potential losses, but are when dealing with potential gains.

Correct Answer
verified

"I can easily think of the names of several dishonest politicians, so I'm certain there are a lot of dishonest politicians!" This is an example of a judgment relying on

Correct Answer
verified

People often make logical errors. Create a real-world example that illustrates the error in this categorical syllogism: All X are Y. All A are X. Therefore, all A are X.

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Real-world example of the error in this ...
View Answer

Which of the statements below would complete the following syllogism in a way to make it valid?: All busy people are stressed out. All professors are busy.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Evidence from the four-card task suggests all of the following EXCEPT that

Correct Answer
verified

Heuristics are strategies that

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 12: Judgment and Reasoning

The four-card task provides an example of how

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An inductive judgment is one in which a person

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Background knowledge can lead to mistakes, but it can also provide a benefit if

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Training in statistics

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In using the representativeness heuristic, participants

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When thinking about the likelihood of events, humans are better able to make judgments based on information presented as ________ than as ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe one situation in which your friend, Marcus, might show evidence of monetary risk aversion and another example in which he would show monetary risk seeking.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Participants are told, "Hospital A has an average of 45 births per day; Hospital B has an average of only 15 births per day." The participants are then asked, "Which hospital is more likely to have a day in which at least 60% of the babies born are female?" In answering the question, participants

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Marissa believes that clowns are evil. She meets two men who are very nice and then learns that they are clowns. Despite this, she does not adjust her belief and continues to think clowns are evil. This is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Patrick has sustained damage to his orbitofrontal cortex, but his twin brother, Ben, has not. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true about these two brothers?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In one experiment, participants were asked to list either 6 or 12 instances in their lives when they were assertive. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the participants who were asked to list only 6 instances?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is NOT an example of a frequency judgment?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Studies indicate that participants

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the work of Tversky and Kahneman (1987) , people are ________ when dealing with potential losses, but are ________ when dealing with potential gains.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

"I can easily think of the names of several dishonest politicians, so I'm certain there are a lot of dishonest politicians!" This is an example of a judgment relying on

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

People often make logical errors. Create a real-world example that illustrates the error in this categorical syllogism: All X are Y. All A are X. Therefore, all A are X.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIReal-world example of the error in this ...View AnswerShow Answer

Which of the statements below would complete the following syllogism in a way to make it valid?: All busy people are stressed out. All professors are busy.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Evidence from the four-card task suggests all of the following EXCEPT that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Heuristics are strategies that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

When thinking about the likelihood of events, humans are better able to make judgments based on information presented as than as .

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

According to the work of Tversky and Kahneman (1987) , people are when dealing with potential losses, but are when dealing with potential gains.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Real-world example of the error in this ...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified