Question 1

Behavioral addictions:

Accepted Answer

A)   seem to activate the same reinforcement system in the brain as drug addictions do.
B)   do not usually lead to withdrawal symptoms.
C)   activate a unique brain system that is different from the one activated by drug addictions.
D)   do not usually produce cravings.E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 2

After working for $15 an hour, Sally's pay was cut to $8 an hour. She stopped working so hard, working much less than her coworkers, who had been earning $8 an hour all along. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)   negative contrast.
B)   negative reinforcement.
C)   positive punishment.
D)   negative punishment.E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 3

Suppose a child whines continuously until his parents give him a cookie. The cessation of the child's whining would be _____ of the parents' behavior of giving the cookie.

Accepted Answer

A)   positive reinforcement
B)   positive punishment
C)   negative reinforcement
D)   negative punishmentE) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 4

Andrea is trying to stop biting her nails. Whenever she gets the urge to bite her nails, she forces herself to count to 100 before giving in to her urge. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)   extinction.
B)   distancing.
C)   reinforcement of alternative behaviors.
D)   delayed reinforcement.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

Which statement is TRUE about punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)   There is a general agreement that it is an ineffective way to change a behavior.
B)   It is considered a good way to change behavior, regardless of how it is used.
C)   It is most effective when one begins with a weak punishment and gradually works up to a stronger punishment.
D)   Its effects can be counteracted if the punished behavior is simultaneously being reinforced.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 6

Negative punishment involves _____ an outcome to _____ a behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   adding; increase
B)   adding; decrease
C)   taking away; increase
D)   taking away; decreaseE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 7

Lauren is trying to stop her son from banging his spoon on the table during meals by praising him whenever he uses his spoon to eat his food. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)   extinction.
B)   distancing.
C)   reinforcement of alternative behaviors.
D)   delayed reinforcement.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 8

The major difference between an individual who uses cocaine weekly and tried to stop and can't and an individual that skydives weekly and can't stop is that:

Accepted Answer

A)   they both have a bad habit and can't stop it.
B)   the first individual is experiencing a pathological addiction, while the second individual is experiencing a behavioral addiction.
C)   both individuals are seeking a "high," but the skydiver isn't worried about becoming addicted.
D)   There is no difference-both individuals are suffering from a type of dysfunction.E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 9

If a person wants to use shaping to train a new puppy to respond to a name, he would call the name and then:

Accepted Answer

A)   reward once the puppy comes all the way to him.
B)   reward when the puppy looks at him, then for turning toward him, and then for taking a few steps in his direction.
C)   jingle some keys or shake a dog toy to get the puppy interested enough to come over to him.
D)   pull the puppy with a leash, then reward when the puppy reaches him.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 10

For punishment to be MOST effective:

Accepted Answer

A)   it should start out weak and become gradually stronger each time the behavior is repeated.
B)   the organism should know under what circumstances a particular behavior will and will not be punished.
C)   the behavior cannot be concurrently reinforced.
D)   All of the answers are correct.E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 11

If one buys lottery tickets, one may win on average every 15 times one plays. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed-ratio
B)   fixed-interval
C)   variable-ratio
D)   variable-intervalE) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 12

Swatting a dog with a newspaper would be _____ of the behavior of chewing up one's favorite socks.

Accepted Answer

A)   positive reinforcement
B)   positive punishment
C)   negative reinforcement
D)   negative punishmentE) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 13

Explain how operant conditioning is different from classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Grading criteria: In operant c...

Question 14

Which region in the brain contains the dopamine-producing neurons that project to the frontal cortex?

Accepted Answer

A)   the nueral cortex
B)   the orbitofrontal cortex
C)   the substantia nigra pars compacta
D)   the ventral tegmental areaE) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 15

Which item is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)   money
B)   praise
C)   water
D)   gradesE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 16

According to the Premack principle, if a child would rather wash dishes than do homework:

Accepted Answer

A)   homework could be used as a reward for washing dishes.
B)   washing dishes could be used as a reward for doing homework.
C)   the child's desire to do homework will be increased by restricting access to washing dishes.
D)   the child's desire to do dishes will be increased by restricting access to doing homework.E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 17

Which is an example of a behavioral addiction?

Accepted Answer

A)   addiction to exercise
B)   addiction to alcohol
C)   addiction to cocaine
D)   addiction to caffeineE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 18

Which statement is TRUE about shaping?

Accepted Answer

A)   It is a difficult and time-consuming process.
B)   It has not yet been successfully used for modifying human behavior.
C)   It is a good way to train an animal very quickly.
D)   It involves giving bigger rewards as one gets closer to making the correct response.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 19

A baseball player gets a hit approximately every third time at bat. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed-ratio
B)   fixed-interval
C)   variable-ratio
D)   variable-intervalE) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 20

List and describe the four factors that determine the effectiveness of punishment, as discussed in the textbook.

Accepted Answer

Grading criteria: The answer must identi...

Exam 5: Operant Conditioning: Learning the Outcome of Behaviors

Which region in the brain contains the dopamine-producing neurons that project to the frontal cortex?

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Explain how operant conditioning is different from classical conditioning.

Correct AnswerverifiedGrading criteria: In operant c...View AnswerShow Answer

If a person wants to use shaping to train a new puppy to respond to a name, he would call the name and then:

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Which statement is TRUE about shaping?

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Suppose a child whines continuously until his parents give him a cookie. The cessation of the child's whining would be _____ of the parents' behavior of giving the cookie.

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For punishment to be MOST effective:

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A baseball player gets a hit approximately every third time at bat. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

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Andrea is trying to stop biting her nails. Whenever she gets the urge to bite her nails, she forces herself to count to 100 before giving in to her urge. This is an example of:

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Negative punishment involves _____ an outcome to _____ a behavior.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

List and describe the four factors that determine the effectiveness of punishment, as discussed in the textbook.

Correct AnswerverifiedGrading criteria: The answer must identi...View AnswerShow Answer

Which is an example of a behavioral addiction?

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Swatting a dog with a newspaper would be _____ of the behavior of chewing up one's favorite socks.

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Which statement is TRUE about punishment?

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Behavioral addictions:

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After working for $15 an hour, Sally's pay was cut to $8 an hour. She stopped working so hard, working much less than her coworkers, who had been earning $8 an hour all along. This is an example of:

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Which item is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the Premack principle, if a child would rather wash dishes than do homework:

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If one buys lottery tickets, one may win on average every 15 times one plays. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Lauren is trying to stop her son from banging his spoon on the table during meals by praising him whenever he uses his spoon to eat his food. This is an example of:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The major difference between an individual who uses cocaine weekly and tried to stop and can't and an individual that skydives weekly and can't stop is that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Grading criteria: In operant c...
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Negative punishment involves _ an outcome to _ a behavior.

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Grading criteria: The answer must identi...
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